combined competition

combine (inf) [kɔ̃bin]

( = astuce) trick ( pour faire qch to do sth ) ; (pejorative = manigance) la combine scheming

• il est dans la combine he knows all about it

• toutes leurs combines all their little schemes

* * *

* * *

1) (= astuce) trick

2) péjoratif scheme, fiddle Grande-Bretagne

* * *

combine○ nf

1 (moyen, truc) trick○, wheeze○ GB; ( tricherie) fiddle○; ( intrigue) (shady) scheme, scam○, hustle○; j'ai une (bonne) combine ( truc) I know a good wheeze○ GB; être de ou marcher dans la combine to be in on it; il n'y a que la combine qui marche you have to wangle○ things;

2 Mode (full-length) slip.

( féminin combinée) [kɔ̃bine] adjectif

combiné nom masculin

1. [vêtement] corselet, corselette

2. TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS receiver, handset

3. CHIMIE compound

4. SPORT [généralement] athletics event

[en ski] combined competition

1) General subject: three day event

2) Sports: all-around competition, all-over competition, combined competition, multiple competition, overall competitions, three-day-event

1) General subject: Alpine combination (горнолыжный спорт), Alpine combined competition (горнолыжный спорт), double event

2) Sports: double-event

alpine combined competition

 

горные лыжи
Зимний вид спорта, впервые введенный в программу на Паралимпийских зимних играх в Орнсколдсвике (Швеция) в 1976 г. В Паралимпийскую программу входят пять видов соревнований по горным лыжам: скоростной спуск, слалом, гигантский слалом, супер-гигант и супер-комбинация. В соревнованиях принимают участие мужчины и женщины с разными видами инвалидности: травма позвоночника, церебральный паралич, ампутация, слепота/нарушения зрения и т.д. Горные лыжи для слепых или людей с частичной потерей зрения являются «командным» видом спорта, так как на всем протяжении дистанции их сопровождают зрячие «гиды».
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

alpine skiing
Winter sport that was introduced at the first Paralympic Winter Games in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, in 1976. There are five Alpine Skiing events on the Paralympic program: Downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super-G and Super Combined. Competition accommodates male and female athletes with a physical disability such as spinal injury, cerebral palsy, amputation, blindness/visual impairment and other conditions. Alpine skiing for the blind and partially sighted is a team sport, as the visually impaired skier competes with a sighted guide who efficiently guides the blind or partially sighted skier through a race course.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• паралимпийские игры

EN

• alpine skiing

1 to contribute.

2 to attend, to assist, to participate, to concur.

Los miembros concurrieron al anochecer The members concurred in the evening.

3 to coincide, to agree, to concur, to acquiesce.

Ellos concurren respecto del resultado They concur regarding the results.

* * *

► verbo intransitivo

1 (juntarse en un lugar - gente) to gather, come together, meet

■ los fieles concurren en la iglesia the faithful gather at church

■ hoy concurren en las urnas 20 millones de alemanes 20 million Germans go to the polls today

2 (asistir) to attend, be present

■ muchos ciudadanos concurrieron al acto many citizens attended the ceremony

3 (tomar parte - concurso etc) to compete, take part; (- elección) to stand, run; (- examen) to be a candidate

■ varios candidatos concurrieron al certamen several candidates took part in the contest

4 (factores, circunstancias, etc) to come together, combine

■ las causas que concurren hacen inviable su venta the combination of causes make its sale unviable

■ esto sólo será posible si concurren circunstancias especiales this will only be possible if there are special circumstances

■ es raro que concurran tantas cualidades en una sola persona it's strange to find so many qualities in a single person

5 (coincidir en el tiempo) to coincide, concur, be at the same time

6 (contribuir) to contribute (a/en, to)

7 (estar de acuerdo) to agree (en, on)

■ concurrieron todos en el mismo sentir they all shared the same opinion

8 (calles etc) to meet, converge; (en geometría) to cross, intersect

* * *

1) (=acudir)

2) (=participar) to take part

3) frm (=combinarse)

4) (=confluir) [ríos, calles] to meet, converge

* * *

verbo intransitivo (frml)

1)

a) (asistir, acudir)

b) ( tomar parte)

2) ( confluir)

a) factores/circunstancias to come together, combine

b) calles/avenidas to meet, converge

3) ( coincidir) to agree

* * *

verbo intransitivo (frml)

1)

a) (asistir, acudir)

b) ( tomar parte)

2) ( confluir)

a) factores/circunstancias to come together, combine

b) calles/avenidas to meet, converge

3) ( coincidir) to agree

* * *

concurrir [I1 ]

( frml)

1 (asistir, acudir) concurrir A algo to attend sth

los que no concurran al acto those who do not attend the ceremony

un numeroso público concurrió a la inauguración de la galería a large number of people attended the opening of the gallery

2 (tomar parte) concurrir A algo:

concurre como candidato conservador a las próximas elecciones he is running ( AmE) o ( BrE) standing as a conservative candidate in the forthcoming elections

todos los partidos que concurren a los comicios all the parties taking part in o fighting the election

50 novelas concurren al Premio Júpiter 50 novels are in the running for the Jupiter Prize

B (confluir)

«factores/circunstancias»: varios factores concurren para que ocurra a number of factors come together o combine for this to occur

si concurren circunstancias agravantes in the event of aggravating circumstances, if there are aggravating circumstances

diversos factores han concurrido en el fracaso de las negociaciones various factors have combined o have come together to bring about the breakdown in negotiations

las circunstancias que concurren en cada caso particular the combination of circumstances surrounding each individual case

concurrir A algo to contribute TO sth

varios factores concurrieron a la pérdida de la cosecha several factors contributed to the failure of the harvest

2 «calles/avenidas» to meet, converge

C (coincidir) to agree

todos concurrieron en la necesidad de mejores equipos they all agreed on the need for better equipment

concurrir CON algn to agree WITH sb, be in agreement WITH sb ( frml)

concurro con el senador en dos puntos I agree with the senator on two points

* * *

* * *

concurrir vi

1. [reunirse]

concurrieron a la reunión muchos vecinos many residents went to o attended the meeting

2. [coincidir] to coincide;

concurrieron varias circunstancias que agravaron el problema a number of factors coincided to make the problem worse;

en él concurren todos los requisitos necesarios para optar a la beca he meets all the requirements needed to apply for the scholarship;

en la película concurren varios géneros diferentes the film combines several different genres;

en su persona concurren la amabilidad y la inteligencia she is both kind and intelligent

3. [contribuir] to combine;

varios factores concurrieron al éxito de la actuación several factors contributed to o combined to ensure the success of the performance

4. [líneas, carreteras] to meet, to converge;

las calles concurren en la plaza mayor the streets meet in o converge on the main square

5. [participar]

varias empresas concurren al concurso several companies are taking part in the competition;

el partido de los verdes concurre a las elecciones en coalición the green party is running o standing in the election as part of a coalition;

los candidatos que concurren al Premio Nobel the candidates for the Nobel prize

6. [estar de acuerdo] to agree;

concurrimos en todos los puntos we agree o are in agreement on all the points

* * *

concurrir a attend

* * *

concurrir vi

1) : to converge, to come together

2) : to concur, to agree

3) : to take part, to participate

4) : to attend, to be present

concurrir a una reunión: to attend a meeting

concurrir a : to contribute to

m SPORT separate ski-jumping competition (not part of the combined event)

* * *

Spezialsprunglauf m SPORT separate ski-jumping competition (not part of the combined event)

* * *

-o- sport two-event competition; dwubój zimowy (= biatlon) biathlon; dwubój klasyczny (= kombinacja norweska) Nordic combined.

1 success, achievement, victory, big time.

2 success story.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 success

■ la obra fue un éxito rotundo the play was a huge success

\

con éxito successfully

no tener éxito to fail, not succeed

sin éxito unsuccessfully, without success

tener éxito to be successful

■ ha tenido éxito en el mundo del espectáculo he's been successful in show business

éxito de taquilla box-office success

* * *

- tener éxito

* * *

1) (=buen resultado) success

2) (Mús, Teat) success, hit

3) † (=resultado) result, outcome

* * *

masculino success

- éxito de ventas

* * *

= achievement, success, triumph, boom, popularity, accomplishment.

Ex. All SLIS heads co-operated willingly, discussing their problems, difficulties and achievements candidly and critically.

Ex. A producer is the person with final responsibility for the making of a motion picture, including business aspects, management of the production, and the commercial success of the film.

Ex. One of the real triumphs of cataloging is that cataloging rules based on Charles Ammi Cutter's work of a century ago have been effective over such a very long time.

Ex. The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.

Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.

Ex. At the time, it was a startling accomplishment and gained wide recognition.

----

* asegurar el éxito = ensure + success.

* camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.

* caso con éxito = success story.

* clave del éxito = key success factor, key to success.

* colmado de éxitos = crowned with + success.

* con éxito = successful, successfully, winningly.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* conseguir éxito = achieve + success.

* conseguir éxitos y fracasos = encounter + problems and successes.

* cumbre del éxito, la = pinnacle of success, the.

* de éxito = successful.

* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].

* de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].

* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.

* de un gran éxito comercial = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* de un gran éxito de ventas = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* el éxito genera éxito = success breeds success (SBS).

* el éxito llama al éxito = success breeds success (SBS).

* éxito absoluto = award-winning success.

* éxito artístico = artistic success.

* éxito comercial = commercial success, financial success.

* éxito contundente = roaring success.

* éxito demostrado = proven success.

* éxito de público = blockbuster.

* éxito de taquilla = blockbuster.

* éxito editorial = blockbuster.

* éxito repentino = overnight success.

* éxito repentino y total = flush of success.

* éxito rotundo = resounding success, award-winning success.

* éxitos o fracasos = successes or failures.

* éxito sonado = resounding success.

* éxitos y fracasos = pitfalls and successes, successes and failures.

* éxito taquillero = blockbuster.

* fórmula del éxito = formula for success, recipe for success.

* fórmula para el éxito = blueprint for success.

* garantizar el éxito = guarantee + success, ensure + success.

* gente con éxito = successful people.

* gente de éxito = successful people.

* hacer que Algo sea un éxito = make + Nombre + a hit.

* historial de éxitos = track record of success.

* hombre con éxito = successful man.

* hombre de éxito = successful man.

* índice de éxito = success rate.

* lista de éxitos = chart.

* lista de éxitos de cartelera de espectáculos = Billboard chart.

* lista de éxitos, la = charts, the.

* lleno de éxitos = crowned with + success.

* mujer con éxito = successful woman.

* mujer de éxito = successful woman.

* no tener éxito = be unsuccessful, come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful.

* obtener éxito = achieve + success.

* obtener éxitos y fracasos = experience + problems and successes.

* persona con éxito = successful person.

* persona de éxito = successful person.

* personas con éxito, las = successful, the.

* pináculo del éxito, el = pinnacle of success, the.

* porcentaje de éxito = success rate.

* receta del éxito = formula for success, recipe for success.

* resultar ser un éxito = prove + to be a success.

* secreto del éxito = secret of/for success.

* ser el éxito de la fiesta = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.

* ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* ser un éxito = prove + trumps, prove + a success, come up + a treat, go down + a treat.

* significar éxito = spell + success.

* sin éxito = unsuccessful.

* suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.

* tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.

* tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.

* tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.

* tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener un éxito roturno = take + Nombre + by storm.

* traer consigo éxito = spell + success.

* traer éxito = spell + success.

* trayectoria de éxitos = track record of success.

* * *

masculino success

- éxito de ventas

* * *

* * *

1 (resultado bueno) success

lo llevó a cabo con éxito she carried it out successfully

participaron con poco éxito they competed with little success, they did not have much success in the race ( o competition etc)

las negociaciones no tuvieron éxito the negotiations were not successful o were unsuccessful

ha tocado con gran éxito en todo el país he has played with great success o to great acclaim throughout the country

tu primo tuvo mucho éxito en la fiesta your cousin was a great success o ( colloq) hit at the party

2 (cosa, obra, campaña) success

la operación ha sido un éxito the operation has been successful o a success

best-seller

* * *

◊ con éxito successfully;

* * *

éxito nm

1. [logro, fama] success;

éxito clamoroso o [m5] rotundo resounding success;

la fiesta fue un éxito the party was a success;

su éxito se debe a su esfuerzo she has achieved success through her own efforts;

con éxito successfully;

superó con éxito sus exámenes she passed her exams successfully;

tener éxito to be successful;

el experimento no tuvo éxito the experiment was unsuccessful o was not a success;

la obra tuvo poco éxito the play was not a success;

tuvimos mucho éxito en América we had great success o were very successful in America

2. [canción, película] hit;

éxito (editorial) bestseller;

la lista de éxitos [de libros] the bestseller list;

un disco de grandes éxitos a greatest hits album;

de éxito [libro] bestselling;

ser un éxito (de ventas) [libro] to be a bestseller;

* * *

m success;

con éxito successfully;

sin éxito without success;

éxito (musical) hit;

tener éxito be successful, be a success

* * *

éxito nm

1) triunfo: success, hit

tener éxito : to be successful

* * *

éxito n

1. (triunfo) success

2. (canción, película) hit

UEFA match delegate UEFA

■ A UEFA match officer whose main duties are to act as UEFA's official representative at a match, to ensure the orderly organisation of the match and that the competition regulations, and especially the rules for order and security inside and outside the stadium, are observed, and to submit a detailed report to the UEFA administration immediately after the match.

► The match delegate is senior to any other UEFA match officers appointed for the match. The role of the match delegate, referee observer and/or stadium and security officer may be combined.

UEFA-Spieldelegierter m UEFA

■ UEFA-Spielbeauftragter, der unter anderem als offizieller Vertreter der UEFA bei UEFA-Spielen fungiert, die ordnungsgemäße Durchführung des Spiels und insbesondere die Einhaltung des Wettbewerbsreglements und der Bestimmungen für Ordnung und Sicherheit innerhalb und außerhalb des Stadions gewährleistet und der UEFA-Administration unmittelbar nach jedem Spiel einen detaillierten Bericht unterbreitet.

► Der Spieldelegierte steht allen anderen für das Spiel bezeichneten UEFA-Spielbeauftragten vor. Die Rollen des Spieldelegierten, des Schiedsrichterbeobachters und/oder des Stadion- und Sicherheitsverantwortlichen können kombiniert werden.

1 classification, bracket, sorting, categorization.

2 classified results.

3 league table, placing in league rank, placing.

4 classification, break-down, grading.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) classification

2 (distribución) sorting, filing

3 DEPORTE league, table

4 (de discos) top twenty, hit parade

* * *

1) classification

2) rating

* * *

1) (=categorización) classification

2) (=ordenación) [de documentos] classification; (Inform, Correos) sorting

3) (Náut) rating

4) [en torneo] qualification

5) (=lista) table, league

* * *

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

* * *

= classification, map, mapping, ranking, sorting, subject cataloguing, rank order, league table, sift, scoreboard, scorecard, grading, leader board.

Ex. Classification, then, is the grouping of like objects.

Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.

Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.

Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.

Ex. Storage medium and associated equipment (for example, sorting and punching devices, cards, magnetic tape) tends to be cheaper than the term record index equivalent.

Ex. This facility enables descriptive and subject cataloguing to be done by two different people.

Ex. This is an interesting reversal of the rank order of countries for both stock held and expenditure per head of population.

Ex. In addition to producing these 'league tables' of microcomputer applications, Burton also indicated the applications software that libraries were using.

Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.

Ex. Evaluation the research is through 4 strategies: a simple scoreboard; scoreboard plus other details such as references; scoreboard with the minimal critera of, e.g., sample size and statistical procedures used; examination of actual material.

Ex. After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.

Ex. It is interesting that, in this case, socio-economic grading was a better social discriminator than was terminal educational age.

Ex. Since its launch, the project has been plagued by a small number of people cheating to elevate their ranking in the leader boards.

----

* clasificación abreviada = abridged classification.

* clasificación analítico-sintética = analytico-synthetic classification.

* clasificación automática = automatic classification.

* clasificación bibliográfica = bibliographic classification, library classification.

* Clasificación Bibliográfica (BC) = Bibliographic Classification (BC).

* clasificación cruzada = cross-classification.

* Clasificación Decimal de Dewey (DDC o DC) = Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC o DC).

* Clasificación Decimal, la = Decimal Classification, the.

* Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU) = UDC (Universal Decimal Classification).

* clasificación de Dewey, la = Dewey scheme, the.

* clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.

* clasificación del correo = mail sorting.

* clasificación del suelo = zoning.

* Clasificación de Ranganathan = Colon Classification (CC), Colon Classification Scheme.

* clasificación enumerativa = enumerative classification.

* clasificación específica = close classification, specific classification.

* clasificación facetada = faceted classification.

* clasificación general = broad classification, broad classification.

* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).

* clasificación monojerárquica = monohierarchical classification.

* clasificación por antigüedad = seniority ranking.

* clasificación por materia = subject classification.

* clasificación por pertinencia = relevance ranking.

* clasificación unidimensional = monodimensional classification.

* de clasificación = classificatory indicator, classificatory.

* dispositivo de clasificación = sorting device.

* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).

* indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.

* LCCN (Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).

* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.

* ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.

* paquete de clasificación = sort package.

* sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.

* sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).

* sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.

* sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.

* sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.

* sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.

* sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.

* tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.

* * *

1) (de documentos, libros) classification; ( de cartas) sorting

2) ( de película -acción) classification; (- certificado)

3) (de elemento, animal, planta) classification

4) (Dep)

a) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification

b) ( tabla) placings (pl); ( puesto) position, place

* * *

* * *

A (de documentos, libros) classification; (de cartas) sorting

el ordenador que hace la clasificación del correo the computer that sorts the mail

B (de una película — acción) classification

(— certificado): ¿qué clasificación (moral) tiene? what certificate has it got?

C (de un elemento, una planta) classification

D ( Dep)

1 (para una etapa posterior) qualification

peligra nuestra clasificación para la final we are in danger of not making o of not qualifying for the final

esta victoria le supone la clasificación para la fase final this victory means that he will go through to o has qualified for the finals

2 (tabla) placings (pl); (puesto) position, place

quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

* * *

a) (Dep) ( para una etapa posterior) qualification;

◊ partido de clasificación qualifying match

b) ( tabla) placings (pl);

◊ quinto en la clasificación final del rally fifth in the final placings for the rally

* * *

clasificación nf

1. [ordenación] classification

2. [de animal, planta] classification

3. [de película] classification

4. Dep [lista] [en liga] (league) Br table o US standings;

encabezar la clasificación [en liga] to be at the top of the league;

clasificación por equipos team classification;

clasificación general (general) classification;

clasificación de la regularidad points classification

5. Dep [para competición] qualification;

no consiguieron lograr la clasificación para las semifinales they didn't manage to qualify for the semifinals

* * *

1 DEP en competición qualification

2 de liga league table

hacer la clasificación de los documentos sort the documents out

* * *

clasificación nf, pl - ciones

1) : classification, sorting out

2) : rating

3) calificación: qualification (in competitions)

* * *

clasificación n

1. (en general) classification

2. (en deporte acción) qualifying

3. (en deporte ranking) ranking

regrouper [ʀ(ə)gʀupe]

➭ TABLE 1

1. transitive verb

[+ objets, industries, partis, parcelles] to group together ; [+ pièces de collection] to bring together ; [+ territoires] to consolidate ; [+ services, classes] to merge

2. reflexive verb

► se regrouper

   a. ( = se réunir) [personnes] to gather ; [entreprises] to group together

• se regrouper autour d'une cause to unite behind a cause

   b. [coureurs] to bunch together again ; [rugbymen] to form a loose scrum

* * *

1) ( mettre ensemble) to group [something] together [objets, mots, services, terrains]; to bring [something] together [personnes]; to pool [intérêts]; ( amalgamer) to merge

2) ( remettre ensemble) to reassemble [élèves]; to rally [partisans, armée]; to regroup [parti]; to round up [animaux]

se regrouper verbe pronominal

1) ( se mettre ensemble) [groupes, entreprises] to group together; [mécontents] to gather (together)

2) ( se remettre ensemble) [personnes] to regroup; [coureurs] to bunch together again

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1) (= grouper) to group together

2) (= contenir) to include, to comprise

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regrouper verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( mettre ensemble) to group [sth] together [objets, mots, services, terrains]; to bring [sth] together [personnes]; to group [sth] together, to consolidate [provinces, territoires]; to pool [intérêts]; ( amalgamer) to merge; l'exposition regroupe vingt tableaux de Monet the exhibition brings together twenty Monets; regrouper deux chapitres en un seul to merge two chapters into one; les trois écoles regroupent 3 000 élèves the three schools have a combined roll of 3,000 pupils; questions regroupées autour d'un thème questions based on a theme;

2 ( remettre ensemble) to reassemble [élèves]; to rally [partisans, armée]; to regroup [parti]; to round up [animaux].

B se regrouper vpr

1 ( se mettre ensemble) [groupes, entreprises] to group together; [mécontents] to gather (together) (autour de around; derrière behind); se regrouper en association to form an association;

2 ( se remettre ensemble) [personnes] to regroup; [coureurs] to bunch together again.

[rəgrupe] verbe transitif

1. [rassembler] to bring together (separable), to group ou to gather together (separable)

2. [contenir] to contain

le centre culturel regroupe sous un même toit un cinéma et un théâtre the arts centre accommodates ou has a cinema and a theatre (under the same roof)

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se regrouper verbe pronominal intransitif

1. [institutions] to group together

[foule] to gather

2. MILITAIRE to regroup

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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